Etsy back up.
https://www.etsy.com/shop/NorseWest
After forever the forge is back in action. Trying to find a trip to Denmark/Germany. no customs just what is on here is available for now. Not back to knives yet. Hammer arm is a bit rusty yet.
Skål.
Hröð-
Glædelig Jul
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Yþlad
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
ȳþlād (voyage, crossing) poetic sense.
From:
Proto-West Germanic: *unþi
Old English: ȳþ
Middle English: ythe, uthe, ithe
English: ithe
Old Saxon: ūthia
Old Dutch: *unthia, *untha
Middle Dutch: unde, onde
Dutch: onde (dialectal)
Old High German: undia
Middle High German: unde, ünde
German: Unde (obsolete, dialectal)
Yiddish: אינד (ind)
Old Norse: unnr, uðr
Icelandic: unnur
And:
Old English: lād, ġelād
Middle English: lad, lode, loode
Scots: laid, lade
English: lode, load
Old Frisian: lāde, lēde
Old Saxon: lēda
Middle Low German: leide
→ Norwegian: leide
→ Old Swedish: leidh
Swedish: lejd
Old Dutch: *lēda, *leida
Middle Dutch: leide
Dutch: lei
Old High German: leida
Middle High German: leite, geleite
German: Leite, Geleite
Old Norse: leið
Icelandic: leið
Faroese: leið
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: lei, led
Norwegian Nynorsk: lei
Old Swedish: lēþ
Swedish: led
Danish: led
→ Proto-Finnic: *laita
Estonian: laid
Finnish: laita
→ Proto-Samic: *lājδ
Bonus:
Wrǣtt (Ornament, jewel)
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: acweorna
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
ācweorna (squirrel)
The first denotes “oak” the second element “weorna “ denotes squirrel.
Proto-West Germanic: *aikwernō
Old English: ācweorna
Middle English: acquerne
Old Frisian: *ēkworna, *ēkhorna
Saterland Frisian: *Eeker (in Kateeker ?)
West Frisian: iikhoarn, iikhoarntsje
Old Saxon: *ēkhorno
Middle Low German: êkhōrn, êkhōrne, eikhōrne, êkhorn, êkōrn, eikōrn, êkōrne, echhorne
⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: Eekhoorntje
German Low German: Ekkern
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Aik, Aikern
Sauerländisch: Ēksken, Aikerte
⇒ German Low German: Eekhoorntje
Old Dutch: *ēcorno
Middle Dutch: êencōren
Dutch: eekhoorn
Old High German: eihhorno, eihhurno
Middle High German: eichurne
Alemannic German: Eichhore
German: Eichhorn
⇒ German: Eichhörnchen
⇒ Hunsrik: Eichhernche
Old Norse: íkorni
Icelandic: íkorni
Faroese: íkorni
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: ekorn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ekorn, ikorn
Old Swedish: ēkorne, īkorne
Swedish: ekorre, (dialectal) ikorn
Old Danish: īkærnæ
Danish: egern
Westrobothnian: ickȯrn, ikårn, ikkårn
Elfdalian: aikuonn
Jamtish: íkuðn
Gutnish: eikånn
Scanian: igarne
Bonus:
maniġfeald (manifold, many fold, of many parts)
Old English: maniġfeald, mæniġfeald
Middle English: manifald, monifald, manyfold, manifold
English: manifold, manyfold
Old Frisian: manichfald
Old Saxon: managfald
Old Dutch: *manigfald
Middle Dutch: menichvout
Dutch: menigvoud, menigvoudig
Old High German: manicfalt, manicfaltīg
Middle High German: manecvalt, manecvaltec
German: mannigfaltig
Old Norse: margfaldr
Icelandic: margfaldur
Norwegian: mangfoldig
Old Swedish: mangfalder
Swedish: mångfald, mångfaldig
Danish: mangefold
Gutnish: manggfaldur
Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (managfalþs)
Hröð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Preowthwil
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
prēowthwīl (to blink) (the time it takes to blink)
Bonus 1:
Hagosteald (an unmarried warrior of royal descent) (bachelor)( liegeman) (owner or one who lives on fenced land of their family) sometimes acts as a personal name. Alternate:Hægsteald.
Old English: hæġsteald, hagulstead, hagosteald
⇒ Old English: Hagustealdesēa
⇒ Old English: Hagustealdeshām
English: Hexham
Middle English: hassel, haselle
Old Saxon: hagalstad
Old High German: hagalstalt, hagastolt
Old Norse: haukstalda
Bonus 2:
wīġbǣre (warlike) (eager for battle)
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Scytta.
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
Sċytta (archer, shooter, Sagittarius)
Bonus:
Sċēotan ( to shoot, fire, the act of shooting, quick movement, to rush, to dash)
Proto-West Germanic: *skeutan
Old English: sċēotan
Middle English: shoten
English: shoot, skeet
Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete
Old Frisian: skiata
West Frisian: sjitte
Old Saxon: skiotan
Middle Low German: scheten
Low German: scheten
Old Dutch: skietan
Middle Dutch: schieten
Dutch: schieten
Limburgish: sjete
Old High German: sciozzan
Middle High German: schiezzen
Alemannic German: schieße
Central Franconian: schieße, scheeße
German: schießen
Luxembourgish: schéissen
Vilamovian: śisa
Old Norse: skjóta
Icelandic: skjóta
Faroese: skjóta
Old Swedish: skiūta
Swedish: skjuta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skyte, skyta, skjota (archaic)
Old Danish: skiūtæ
Danish: skyde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skyte
Westrobothnian: skjuut
Elfdalian: stjuota
Jamtish: skjǿte
Old Gutnish: skiauta
Gutnish: skjaute, skiauta
Scanian: skjúda, skúda
Crimean Gothic: schieten
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Tirgan.
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
Tirġan (ᛏᛁᚱᚷᚨᚾ) ( to provoke, pain, irritate)
Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan
Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen
Scots: tarrow
English: tarry
Old Frisian: *tergia
West Frisian: tergje
Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian
Middle Low German: tergen, targen
→ Danish: tærge
→ Norwegian: terge
→ Swedish: targa
Old Dutch: *tergen
Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen
Dutch: tergen
Old High German: *zergen
Middle High German: zergen
German: zergen
Bonus:
Torht ( to shine, brightness)
Old English: torht
Middle English: torhte, tohte
Old Saxon: torht, toroht
Old High German: zorht, zoraht, zorft
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Uhta
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ūhta (pre dawn) (last part of night)
Old English: ūht (< *unhtwaz), ūhta (< *unhtwô)
Middle English: *uht (found in compound uhtsang, uhtsong); Middle English: uhhtenn, uȝten, ughten, oughten (< Old English ūhtan, oblique form)
Old Saxon: ūhta
Middle Low German: uchte
German Low German: Uchte, Ucht
→ German: Uchte (“midnight mass”) (regional)
Old Dutch: *ūhto
Middle Dutch: uchte, ochte (various forms are attested, including nuchte through rebracketing, uchten/ochten from the case forms, and rarely uchtent/ochtent from the previous by analogy with avont (“evening”))
Dutch: ochtend
Old High German: uohta (irregular); *ūhta
Middle High German: uohte, ūhte (both rare)
German: Ucht, Aucht (both only in placenames and compounds)
Old Norse: ótta
Icelandic: ótta
Norwegian Bokmål: otte
Westrobothnian: ótt’
Old Swedish: ōtta, ōta
Swedish: otte, otta
Danish: otte
Gothic: 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (ūhtwō)
Bonus:
Lagustrǣt (ocean) literally “Water-road”.
Old English: strǣt, strēt
Middle English: strete, streete, stret, strate, street, stræt
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd
→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: strēte
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: struat
Mooring: stroote
Saterland Frisian: Sträite
West Frisian: strjitte
Old Saxon: strāta
Middle Low German: strâte
German Low German: Straat, Stroot
Old Dutch: strāta
Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot
Old High German: strāza
Middle High German: strāze
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Schdrôs
Bavarian: Stråßn, Strossn
Apeltonerisch: Streoss
Mòcheno: stros
Upper Bavarian: Straß
Central Franconian: Stroß
Eifel: Strooß
Hunsrik: Stros
Luxembourgish: Strooss
German: Straße
Rhine Franconian: Schdrooß
And
West Germanic: *lagu
Old English: lagu, lago
Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye
English: lay
Old Saxon: lagu
Old Norse: lǫgr
Icelandic: lögur
Faroese: løgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: log
Norwegian Bokmål: låg
Old Swedish: lagher
Swedish: lag
Old Danish: low, lou
→ Scots: lyog
Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*lagus) (> 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 (laaz))
Hroð-
Book of the month (June)
Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson is quickly becoming a favorite author of mine. Great detail and everything kept in context. I do love comparatives though I am biased.
Hrøð-
Anglo Saxon Ƿordes of þæs Dæġ: Græs
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Græs (grass) from Proto Germanic “grasą”. ᚷᚱᚫᛋ᛫
Compare:
West Germanic: *gras
Old English: græs, gærs
Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs
Old Frisian: gers, gres
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: gäärs
Sylt: Gērs
Saterland Frisian: Gäärs
West Frisian: gers, gjers, jers
Old Saxon: gras
Middle Low German: gras
Dutch Low Saxon: gras
German Low German: Gras
Plautdietsch: Grauss
Old Dutch: *gras
Middle Dutch: gras, gars, gers
Dutch: gras
Limburgish: graas
West Flemish: ges, gas
Zealandic: gos
Old High German: gras
Middle High German: gras
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: gras, gros
Cimbrian: gras, grass
Udinese: gròs, gros, groos
Hunsrik: Graas
German: Gras
Luxembourgish: Gras
Pennsylvania German: Graas
Vilamovian: gros
Old Norse: gras
Icelandic: gras
Faroese: gras
Norwegian:
Bokmål: gress (< *grasja-)
Norwegian Nynorsk: gras
Old Swedish: græs, gras (hapax legomena)
Swedish: gräs (< *grasja-)
Danish: græs (< *grasja-)
Elfdalian: gras
Gutnish: gras
Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 (gras)
————-
Bonus:
Weder (weather) from Proto Germanic “wedra” ᚹᛖᛞᛖᚱ᛫
Example:
Þæt weder tōdæġ biþ hāt and drȳġe.
The weather today will be hot and dry.
Hū is þæt weder þǣr þū eart?
What’s the weather like where you are?
On Īra lande ne mæġ man þæt weder nǣfre forecweðan.
You can never predict the weather in Ireland.
Iċ hine ǣrest ġeseah on þæs ġēares anġinne. Iċ wāt for þon hit wæs ċeald weder, swīðe ċeald on þā tīd.
I first saw him at the beginning of the year. I know because it was cold weather, very cold at the time.
Compare:
Old English: weder
Middle English: weder, wethyr
English: weather
Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir
Old Frisian: weder, wedder
Saterland Frisian: Weeder
West Frisian: waar
Old Saxon: wedar
German Low German: Weder
Old Dutch: wedar
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Old High German: wetar, *wedar
Middle High German: weter (classical), wetter (late), weder (Central German)
Alemannic German: Wätter
Bavarian: Wetta
Austrian: Weda
Cimbrian: bèttar
Mòcheno: [Term?]
Central Franconian: Wedder, Wäder, Weader, Wäer
Hunsrik: Wetter
Luxembourgish: Wieder
Transylvanian Saxon: Wadder, Wodder
Upper Saxon: Wättr
German: Wetter
Pennsylvania German: Wedder
Old Norse: veðr, -viðri
Icelandic: veður
Faroese: veður
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: vær
Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr
Old Swedish: væþer
Swedish: väder
Old Danish: wæthær
Danish: vejr
Elfdalian: weðer
Gutnish: vädar
Scanian: væðer
Westrobothnian: ver, vider-
The Nordic Bronze Age (A unique Expression)
The Bronze age in Europe brought about the most radical change in a world that had been fairly stable under the rule of Hunting and Farmer cultures in Northern Europe. The Chalcolithic saw the arrival of Europe’s defining moments in that the dawn of the Indo Europeans was between the latest period of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic. The Yamnaya culture had expanded from the western Steppe in the form of the Corded Ware Culture with some metal working knowledge. It could be argued that the arrival of the CWC in the already natively established hunter/farmer groups (Hunters since 11000-17000 years ago) (Farmers Since 6000-8000 years ago) brought about the unique conditions of the Nordic Bronze age. In my previous article I discussed the genetic similarity between Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Czechia, Britain/Ireland, Baltic Sea and the North Sea. These regions became associated with varying cultures of Bronze Age technology. Bell Beaker, Unetice, Hallstatt, Urnfield, and Tumulus culture being in affinity with CWC but leading to what we know as Celts and other Central Europeans. The unique elements of the Funnelbeaker culture of Scandinavia and Norther Europe who’s lineage is the result of indigenous Europeans who had descended from (WHG/SHG/EHG) and arrivals from the Caucasus and Balkans (EEF/LBK cultures) had influence on how CWC evolved after contact.
Again described in my DNA article we know that by the arrival of CWC the dominant Y DNA was I1 and I2. The MTDNA was originally U5 and U2, with Neolithic farmers we see MTDNA H (H is from the Caucasus) arrive and become widespread while the YDNA G2a2 did not persist. This indicates that the arriving farmer women married into pre existing native European groups in large part. Nothing however is absolute. We see the Unetice and Urnfield culture influence what becomes the Nordic Bronze Age and even Hallstatt influence in Denmark. We have discussed the relationship between The Bell Beaker Complex and Single Grave culture who likely installed the high levels of R1B in Scandinavia during the Chalcolithic. The contributions of these groups became what we know as Germanic people. We do not know when exactly each unique branch of Indo European split from PIE but we know that Celtic languages were being spoke by at least the Hallstatt period and Germanic likely by the Nordic Bronze Age. This unique condition in Scandinavia became among the most enigmatic Bronze Age Cultures in the world.
Exactly what elements of Germanic religion derive from the earlier cultures we do not know but we can guess perhaps Shamanic and Animistic elements. Linguistically in various opinions I have read and researched it has been suggested that some functions and elements of Germanic cannot be traced back to PIE. We do not know what languages EEF or Hunters spoke but it would be hard to think that no loan words from the Funnelbeaker culture were absorbed. That being said most of Germanic although distinct can be traced to PIE roots. Germanic mythology appears nearly all derived or comparable to other IE religions give or take the aforementioned shamanistic elements. We also do not know what if any influence Uralic Shamanism had on Germanic religion given their close proximity in the Baltic Coast, Finland and North Eastern Europe.
The material culture of the Nordic Bronze Age sets a standard that which all Germanic material culture would follow in that the detail only increased over centuries. The Axes, Razors, Helmets, Shields and swords show a flare for design setting it apart from other Bronze Age expressions in their proximity.
Denmark:
Public Domain (Wikipedia) Ritual Lur from Bronze Age Denmark. These are arguably in the same family as the Irish Dord.
Sword from Zealand Denmark. Its uniqueness is unrivaled Northern Europe. Open license to repost (Wikipedia) Credit Simon Burchell.
Ritualistic Bronze Helmets and Axe from Veksø, Denmark. We see here a culture that forming apart from its neighbors into some truly artistic and enigmatic directions. We can see a comparable with other parts of Europe in many artifacts but these are unique to the Nordic BA.
The Trundholm Sun Chariot Denmark. Wikipedia Open license to repost. Danish National Museum. The linkages to the later Norse mythology is visible in this spectacular artifact. Sunne or Sol carried across the sky on a chariot led by horses. The origin of this symbol is in contrast to native Scandinavians who venerated the boat but we see in the Bronze Age the chariot of the Indo-European Corded Ware people begin to be see on rock carvings and objects like this.
Axes, Solar or wheel symbols, Phalic fertility symbolism and Chariots…The Indo Europeans have arrived. The emphasis on Axes extends into cultures of Yamna origin such as the spectacular Hallstatt axes but no weapon is more widely depicted than the axe in Nordic glyphs. The stone age Axes of the “Battle Axe Culture” retained symbolic meaning well into the age of metallurgy. We see a similar tradition amongst Bell Beaker People who were buried with both copper and stone axes. the Beaker Folk are believed genetically to have risen from the “Single Grave Culture” in Denmark who were a subset of the CWC/Battle Axe Culture. Pics 1/2/3 Wikipedia Public Domain.
Stone Ships found on Gotland Island. (Wikipedia Public Domain)
Stone ship from Gotland Sweden. Another unique element of Nordic Bronze Age however the concept and use may date to the late Neolithic peoples. The tradition regardless persisted well through the Viking age in that boats were a noted tradition in Norse times either being burned or buried. These stone ships are found all over Scandinavia and Northern Germany. The tradition itself may predate Indo European migration and stem from the FunnelBeaker culture or older.
Photo credit Håkan Svensson. (Source Wikipedia). Gallery two (Wikipedia Public Domain) Germany, Sweden, Latvia. Some ships may date from the Iron Age but traditionally originated in Bronze Age or Earlier. *It is my speculation that these could be a late cultural remnant of the megalithic builders who entered and mingled with the Native Hunters in Scandinavia.
The mighty Axe. Symbol of power among more than just the Ancient Scandinavians. The axe was the default status weapon of the Northern Indo European peoples. Hallstatt and Scythians axes are among my favorite designs however the Nordic Axes are truly interesting due to the variety. (Top Picture is Public Domain) Pic 2/3 National Museum of Denmark.
Grooming:
These unique bronze razors from Scandinavia give us a series of designs very distinct in Nordic art. These appear to share design elements with later Gotland picture stones. Do they also tell us of grooming habits?. Photos are of unknown origin. Credit to original artist.
Combs have traditionally been signs of status and good grooming. The Germanic people have produced beautifully detailed combs well through the Viking age. Comb is from Gotland Sweden. (Public Domain Wikipedia)
Farewell:
The Nordic Bronze age is marked by a change in burial practices. The Indo Europeans favored kurgans with rich grave offering. This tradition replaced preexisting burial practices in Scandinavia. A mound and oak coffin are customs of the Nordic Bronze Age but also across the whole of Indo European culture. The Bell Beaker culture brought the custom to Britain and Ireland.
An Oak coffin (Right) Danish National museum.
A Mound or Kurgan Dated to the Bronze Age in Sweden. Photo credit (Richard Johansson) or Kallerdis. (Source Wikipedia)
Burial practices differed in the NBA from the the earlier Neolithic tradition of tombs and communal burials. Grave offerings and elite single graves mark the period. This is to some extent consistent across Yamna dominated Europe.
Spirituality:
We can only compare and make educated guesses as to what the Nordic Bronze Age religion looked liked. We can obviously see a solar worship element. The Solar element can also be seen amongst Beaker folk and Central European cultures. But we are left to wonder what the Deities looked like. We do see figures in the stone carvings that could be Gods however we have no coherent view of what it all looked like. The Indo Europeans had a set mythology and we could postulate that these Gods were worshipped in Scandinavia likely with the Gods of the Native Scandinavians. The Sky Father, Thunder God and Mother Earth would be good guesses. Did the Axe Culture come from a lineage of worshiping an Axe/Hammer wielding God?. Did Nerðus begin her veneration amongst the Mesolithic Hunters who inherited an Earth Goddess from their Paleo European Ancestors? or was she an expression of an Indo European Earth Goddess. We have a statue from the NBA that shows two horned figures wielding axes though to represent sacred twins in Indo European mythology.
Also shown are other human figures from Bronze Mountings. Picture is from natmus.dk.
We see the themes of Indo Europeans culture fully take hold of all of Europe by the Bronze Age as well as the genetic lineage matching the CWC throughout Europe. Upon the arrival of the Bell Beaker People in Britain it is speculated that these people were responsible for the axe images carved into Stonehenge dated to the Copper/Bronze Age. It is roughly at this time we the greater split in IE groups into the culture and languages recognizable today. The Celts had long existed as the Nordic Bronze Age dawned as it was a later evolution than the rest of Europe due to the remote nature of Scandinavia. This is likely why native Hunter lineage also survived in a higher number (Haplogroup) than in other parts of Europe. It is the these unique features that make the Nordic Bronze highly fascinating.
Regions included in the greater Nordic Bronze Age horizons might include Scandinavia/Jutland, Northern Germany, Northern Poland and The Baltic States to some extent. This is not absolute however, as finds denoting NBA origin are found further afield than its traditional realm. The Haplogroups associated with the Late Neolithic and Nordic Bronze Age are I (Native European) and R1A/R1B (Indo European/Yamna).
Language:
The information I have read and looked over appears to point to this era as the origin of Proto Germanic splitting from PIE. We have no writing by Germanic people until they were regularly using the Elder Futhark to inscribe. We do not know the age of the Elder Futhark or its origin for certain though a plethora of opinions exist.
I hope you enjoyed this small glimpse into this era/speculated birth of Germanic Culture.
Interesting Links:
https://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dk-historie9.htm
Hroðbeorht-
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: Brōc
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: Brōc
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Brōc (brook, stream) from Proto Germanic “brōkaz”. ᛒᚱᚩᚳ᛫
Compare:
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brook
English: brook
Scots: broke, bruke
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Brouk
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: *brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German:
German Low German: Brook
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Brüöke
Suerländer-Märkisch: Brüək
Westmünsterländisch: Bröcke
Plautdietsch: Broak
Old Dutch: bruoc, brōk (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek
Dutch: broek
Old High German: bruoh
Middle High German: bruoch
German: Bruch
…………..
Bonus:
Rǣde (ready, prompt, prepared) from Proto Germanic “raidaz” ᚱᚫᛞᛖ᛫
Compare:
Old English: rǣde, ġerǣde
Middle English: rædi, rædiȝ, redi, redy, iredi
English: ready
Scots: readie, reddy
Old Frisian: rēd; rēde
North Frisian: ree
Saterland Frisian: reed
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: *girēdi
Middle Low German: gerêde, gerêt
Low German: rede, reed
Danish: rede
Old Swedish: rēþo
Swedish: redo
Old Dutch: *reid, *gereid
Middle Dutch: rede, reede, gerede, gereide, gereit, gereet
Dutch: reed, gereed
Old High German: reiti, gireit
Middle High German: gereite, gereit
Old High German: bireiti (< *biraidijaz)
Middle High German: bereite, bereit
German: bereit
Swedish: beredd
Old Norse: reiðr, greiðr; greiðliga
Icelandic: greiður
Faroese: reiður
Norwegian: reiug, grei, rede
Swedish: reda
Danish: rede
Middle English: greithe, greith, graith; greithli
Scots: graith; graithlie
English: graith; gradely
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs)
…………..
Hroðberht-
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: (Brōc)
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: (Brōc)
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Brōc (brook, stream) from Proto Germanic “brōkaz”. ᛒᚱᚩᚳ᛫
Compare:
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brook
English: brook
Scots: broke, bruke
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Brouk
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: *brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German:
German Low German: Brook
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Brüöke
Suerländer-Märkisch: Brüək
Westmünsterländisch: Bröcke
Plautdietsch: Broak
Old Dutch: bruoc, brōk (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek
Dutch: broek
Old High German: bruoh
Middle High German: bruoch
German: Bruch
…………..
Bonus:
Rǣde (ready, prompt, prepared) from Proto Germanic “raidaz” ᚱᚫᛞᛖ᛫
Compare:
Old English: rǣde, ġerǣde
Middle English: rædi, rædiȝ, redi, redy, iredi
English: ready
Scots: readie, reddy
Old Frisian: rēd; rēde
North Frisian: ree
Saterland Frisian: reed
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: *girēdi
Middle Low German: gerêde, gerêt
Low German: rede, reed
Danish: rede
Old Swedish: rēþo
Swedish: redo
Old Dutch: *reid, *gereid
Middle Dutch: rede, reede, gerede, gereide, gereit, gereet
Dutch: reed, gereed
Old High German: reiti, gireit
Middle High German: gereite, gereit
Old High German: bireiti (< *biraidijaz)
Middle High German: bereite, bereit
German: bereit
Swedish: beredd
Old Norse: reiðr, greiðr; greiðliga
Icelandic: greiður
Faroese: reiður
Norwegian: reiug, grei, rede
Swedish: reda
Danish: rede
Middle English: greithe, greith, graith; greithli
Scots: graith; graithlie
English: graith; gradely
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs)
…………..
Hroðberht-
Rune of þē dæġ (Peorð)
Rune of þē dæġ: (Peorð)
Peorð: ᛈ᛬ Modern “P”.
(Mystery, Secret, Sexuality, Initiation, Chance, Luck)
The etymology of Peorð is unknown and many theories have been put forward but to this point it is still in question.
ᛈ peorð byþ symble plega and hlehter / ƿlancum [on middum], ðar ƿigan sittaþ / on beorsele bliþe ætsomne
“Peorð is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the beerhall.”
Anglo Saxon ƿord of þē dæġ: (Wealcan)
Anglo Saxon word of þē dæġ:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Wealcan (Walk, to move around) ᚹᛖᚪᛚᚾᚪᚾ᛫
Gelwealcan (Walk, to go about) ᚷᛖᚹᛖᚪᛚᚳᚾ᛫
From Proto Germanic “walkaną”.
Compare:
West Germanic: *walkan
Old English: wealcan
Middle English: walken
Scots: waulk
English: walk
Old Saxon: *walkan
Middle Low German: walken
Low German: walken
Old Dutch: *walcan
Middle Dutch: walken
Dutch: walken
Old High German: walcan, walkan, walchan
Middle High German: walchen, walken
Cimbrian: balchan
German: walken
Italian: gualcare
Old French: gauchier
Middle French: gauchier, gaucher, gauchir
French: gauchir
Old French: gauchie, guauche
Middle French: gauche, gaulche
French: gauche
English: gauche
Norman: gauche
……………
Bonus:
Tealcian ( to talk, talk) from Proto Germanic “talkōną” ᛏᛖᚪᛚᚳᛁᚪᚾ᛫
Also: Talian (to speak, recount)
Compare:
Old English: *tealcian
Middle English: talkien, talken
Scots: talk
English: talk
Old Saxon: *talkōn
Middle Low German: tālken, tāligen, tālgen
Low German: taalken
Compare:
West Germanic: *talōn
Old English: talian
Middle English: talien, talen
English: tale
Scots: tale, tail
Old Frisian: talia
Old Saxon: talōn
Middle Low German: talen
Old Dutch: *talon
Middle Dutch: talen
Dutch: talen
Limburgish: tale
Old High German: zalōn
Middle High German: zalen
Cimbrian: zaln
German: zahlen
Old Norse: tala
Icelandic: tala
Faroese: tala
Norwegian Nynorsk: tala, tale
Norwegian Bokmål: tal
Swedish: tala
Danish: tale
…………
Hroðberht-
Rune of þē dæġ: (Gēr) (Jera)
Rune of þē dæġ: (Gēr-Jera)
Gēr: ᚼ-ᛄ᛬ Modern English “J”. Elder: ᛃ.
(Year, Harvest, Reward, Peace, Commitment)
A seasonal Rune often interpreted as seasonal rewards, things coming to fruition, work rewarded, the harvest of seeds planted, reward for patience and commitment to a goal.
Anglo Saxon Rune Poem:
ᚼ-ᛄ byÞ gumena hiht, ðonne God læteþ,
halig heofones cyning, hrusan syllan
beorhte bleda beornum ond ðearfum.
Summer is a joy to men, when God, the holy King of Heaven,suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits for rich and poor alike.
ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛒᛖᚱᚺᛏ-
Anglo Saxon ƿord þē dæġ (Hiehþo)
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ.
Hiehþo (height) From Proto Germanic “Hauhiþo”. ᚻᛁᛖᚻᚦᚩ᛫
Compare:
West Germanic: *hauhiþu
Old English: hīehþo, hēhþo, hēahþu
Middle English: heiȝþe, heighte
English: heighth, height
Scots: hecht, haicht
Old Frisian: *hēchte, *hāchte
Saterland Frisian: Höchte, Hööchte
West Frisian: hichte
Old Saxon: *hōhitha
Middle Low German: hȫgede
German Low German: Höchte, Höcht
Old Dutch: *hōgitha, *hōgida
Middle Dutch: hôgede
Dutch: hoogte
Limburgish: huuegdje
Old High German: hōhida
Middle High German: hœhede, hœhte
Old Norse: hæð
Icelandic: hæð
Norwegian: høyde
Swedish: höjd
Westrobothnian: högd
Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauhiþa)
————————
Bonus:
æl (eel) From Proto Germanic “Elaz”. ᚫᛚ᛫
A similar spelled word “æl” (awl). PG “Alaz”.
Compare:
West Germanic: *āl
Old English: ǣl
Middle English: ele, eel
English: eel
Scots: eel
Old Frisian: ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
West Frisian: iel
Old Saxon: āl
Middle Low German: âl, êl
German Low German: Aal
Old Dutch: āl, ael (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ael
Dutch: aal
Afrikaans: aal
Old High German: āl
Middle High German: āl
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ool
Luxembourgish: Éil
German: Aal
Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)
Old Norse: áll
Icelandic: áll
Faroese: állur
Norn: ål
Norwegian: ål
Old Swedish: āl
Swedish: ål
Old Danish: āl, aal
Danish: ål
Gutnish: al
————
I do not own this image, from Wikipedia. 1877 Les Poissons. H. Gervaise et R. Boulart.
ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛒᛖᚱᚺᛏ-