Etsy back up.
https://www.etsy.com/shop/NorseWest
After forever the forge is back in action. Trying to find a trip to Denmark/Germany. no customs just what is on here is available for now. Not back to knives yet. Hammer arm is a bit rusty yet.
Skål.
Hröð-
Frohe Weihnachten
Hröð-
Jul
My Jul Will be between 12/21 and 1/18 so Glædelig Jul again & godt nytår.
Frohe Weihnachten und ein glückliches Neues Jahr.
Hröð-
Anglo Saxon grammar ideas
Anglo Saxon grammatical ideas and dative in semi poetic use:
The AS language retains the archaic Indo-European function of cases and gender as well as complicated poetic grammar that uses cases to imply words that are not actually written. In modern Germanic language only German and Icelandic retain cases and gender in any heavy use. Swedish and Danish have Common and Neuter in modern use. Danish and Old English share sometimes a visually close vocabulary but many are false friends and mean something different. AS uses cases not word order to indicate grammar and is more free in word order. This does not mean it is totally free or random in word order.
(The genders are meaningless in function in AS and only serve as a complicated archaic hold over from Proto Germanic and act as another layer of things to memorize. My interpretation from “Robert E Diamond” Old English grammar/ reader).
The following is my own writing of what I have learned.
The dative:
“Hail to the Sun”
The sun is receiving the call so it is singular dative.
I am the one hailing so I am in nominative.
Hælu Þære Sunnan (hail the sun) “to” is implied when using the dative and technically so is “the” so you could write it “Hælu Sunnan” and “ to the” ís implied and would be understood as such. The ending “an” on the Goddess name Sunne denotes a weak declension of the feminine noun. “Þære” ís the feminine dative form of “the” the nominative (f) form of the is “Seo”. Male Form(n) “Se” which is close to PG and PIE sources.
To add a personal emphasis I could add “Ic”
“Ic Hælu Þære Sunnan”
“I hail the sun”
As you can see Ic is cognate to German Ich.
When using articles (words like “the”) the article must match the gender of the word and the articles case must match the case being used. Dative with dative etc…
Example: masculine:
Se (nom) Hund (nom)
“The Dog” the dog is the subject so it is nominative as is “the”
Se Hundas (Nom/Plural)
“The dogs” plural
Þæs Hundes bān (Genitive)
“The dog’s bone”
(Accusative uses the same word endings as nominative) but uses several different articles depending on gender such as “þone”. The ACC case is used to denote the object being given such as above “bān”. In the modern sentence “I gave the dog a treat” the “treat” is accusative the dog is singular dative. The accusative is also used to indicate movement of something in a sentence such as running, riding, charging etc..
The dative case has the most uses and is the most complicated.
Dative:
“To the Hall” as in a toast
Sæle (neut) (tó the hall) poetic
“To the halls” “ (of our forebears) plural toast
Sælum (neut) dative plural “ to the” ís implied.
Sæl is the origin of the Word Saloon and Salon. Modern Danish “Sal” as in Mjødsal (Mead hall) Old English “Medusæl”
All cases and genders have a version of the word “the” and some are shared. Cases have some of the following endings: ( not complete or exhaustive)
E
A
es
as
U
an
Some case endings on certain words have no end vowel or sometimes use a double from another such as sometimes genitive ending E or Nominative ending in A.
This level of complexity leaves the student with need of complex tables showing all gender forms, articles by case and gender as well as all singular and plural forms of words. Wiktionary and and a good word hoard book goes a long way.
Notes:
Anglo Saxon is a Norð Sea Germamic or Ingveonic language that originated in Jutland and Southern Scandinavia. Old English, English, Old Saxon, Low German, Old Frisian and Frisian are all within the Ingveonic family. Some speculate the Teutons were also Ingveonic due to their southern Scandinavian origin. These languages sit somewhere between Scandinavian and West Germanic languages.
I use Peter S. Baker, Robert E Diamond and Stephen Pollington, K Herbert resources as well Thijs Porck videos and wiktionary declension tables.
Skål 🍻 some of this might not correct but it’s as far as I have gotten.
Hroð-
Kristallklart
Hroð-
Wow
Sometimes you should visit old bookstores. You Never know. full 1907 set royal edition 57 of 450.
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Yþlad
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
ȳþlād (voyage, crossing) poetic sense.
From:
Proto-West Germanic: *unþi
Old English: ȳþ
Middle English: ythe, uthe, ithe
English: ithe
Old Saxon: ūthia
Old Dutch: *unthia, *untha
Middle Dutch: unde, onde
Dutch: onde (dialectal)
Old High German: undia
Middle High German: unde, ünde
German: Unde (obsolete, dialectal)
Yiddish: אינד (ind)
Old Norse: unnr, uðr
Icelandic: unnur
And:
Old English: lād, ġelād
Middle English: lad, lode, loode
Scots: laid, lade
English: lode, load
Old Frisian: lāde, lēde
Old Saxon: lēda
Middle Low German: leide
→ Norwegian: leide
→ Old Swedish: leidh
Swedish: lejd
Old Dutch: *lēda, *leida
Middle Dutch: leide
Dutch: lei
Old High German: leida
Middle High German: leite, geleite
German: Leite, Geleite
Old Norse: leið
Icelandic: leið
Faroese: leið
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: lei, led
Norwegian Nynorsk: lei
Old Swedish: lēþ
Swedish: led
Danish: led
→ Proto-Finnic: *laita
Estonian: laid
Finnish: laita
→ Proto-Samic: *lājδ
Bonus:
Wrǣtt (Ornament, jewel)
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: acweorna
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
ācweorna (squirrel)
The first denotes “oak” the second element “weorna “ denotes squirrel.
Proto-West Germanic: *aikwernō
Old English: ācweorna
Middle English: acquerne
Old Frisian: *ēkworna, *ēkhorna
Saterland Frisian: *Eeker (in Kateeker ?)
West Frisian: iikhoarn, iikhoarntsje
Old Saxon: *ēkhorno
Middle Low German: êkhōrn, êkhōrne, eikhōrne, êkhorn, êkōrn, eikōrn, êkōrne, echhorne
⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: Eekhoorntje
German Low German: Ekkern
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Aik, Aikern
Sauerländisch: Ēksken, Aikerte
⇒ German Low German: Eekhoorntje
Old Dutch: *ēcorno
Middle Dutch: êencōren
Dutch: eekhoorn
Old High German: eihhorno, eihhurno
Middle High German: eichurne
Alemannic German: Eichhore
German: Eichhorn
⇒ German: Eichhörnchen
⇒ Hunsrik: Eichhernche
Old Norse: íkorni
Icelandic: íkorni
Faroese: íkorni
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: ekorn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ekorn, ikorn
Old Swedish: ēkorne, īkorne
Swedish: ekorre, (dialectal) ikorn
Old Danish: īkærnæ
Danish: egern
Westrobothnian: ickȯrn, ikårn, ikkårn
Elfdalian: aikuonn
Jamtish: íkuðn
Gutnish: eikånn
Scanian: igarne
Bonus:
maniġfeald (manifold, many fold, of many parts)
Old English: maniġfeald, mæniġfeald
Middle English: manifald, monifald, manyfold, manifold
English: manifold, manyfold
Old Frisian: manichfald
Old Saxon: managfald
Old Dutch: *manigfald
Middle Dutch: menichvout
Dutch: menigvoud, menigvoudig
Old High German: manicfalt, manicfaltīg
Middle High German: manecvalt, manecvaltec
German: mannigfaltig
Old Norse: margfaldr
Icelandic: margfaldur
Norwegian: mangfoldig
Old Swedish: mangfalder
Swedish: mångfald, mångfaldig
Danish: mangefold
Gutnish: manggfaldur
Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (managfalþs)
Hröð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Geryne
Anglo Saxon Word Of the day:
ġerȳne (mystery) using the word “Run” (rune)
Proto Germanic “garūniją”.
Proto-West Germanic: *garūnī
Old English: ġerȳne
Middle English: irīne, *yrīne, ʒerīnu (pl.)
Old High German: *girūni
Middle High German: gerūne, geriune
German: Geraune
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹 (garūni)
Bonus:
ċeahhettan ( to laugh loudly, cackle)
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Preowthwil
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
prēowthwīl (to blink) (the time it takes to blink)
Bonus 1:
Hagosteald (an unmarried warrior of royal descent) (bachelor)( liegeman) (owner or one who lives on fenced land of their family) sometimes acts as a personal name. Alternate:Hægsteald.
Old English: hæġsteald, hagulstead, hagosteald
⇒ Old English: Hagustealdesēa
⇒ Old English: Hagustealdeshām
English: Hexham
Middle English: hassel, haselle
Old Saxon: hagalstad
Old High German: hagalstalt, hagastolt
Old Norse: haukstalda
Bonus 2:
wīġbǣre (warlike) (eager for battle)
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Scytta.
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
Sċytta (archer, shooter, Sagittarius)
Bonus:
Sċēotan ( to shoot, fire, the act of shooting, quick movement, to rush, to dash)
Proto-West Germanic: *skeutan
Old English: sċēotan
Middle English: shoten
English: shoot, skeet
Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete
Old Frisian: skiata
West Frisian: sjitte
Old Saxon: skiotan
Middle Low German: scheten
Low German: scheten
Old Dutch: skietan
Middle Dutch: schieten
Dutch: schieten
Limburgish: sjete
Old High German: sciozzan
Middle High German: schiezzen
Alemannic German: schieße
Central Franconian: schieße, scheeße
German: schießen
Luxembourgish: schéissen
Vilamovian: śisa
Old Norse: skjóta
Icelandic: skjóta
Faroese: skjóta
Old Swedish: skiūta
Swedish: skjuta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skyte, skyta, skjota (archaic)
Old Danish: skiūtæ
Danish: skyde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skyte
Westrobothnian: skjuut
Elfdalian: stjuota
Jamtish: skjǿte
Old Gutnish: skiauta
Gutnish: skjaute, skiauta
Scanian: skjúda, skúda
Crimean Gothic: schieten
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Tirgan.
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
Tirġan (ᛏᛁᚱᚷᚨᚾ) ( to provoke, pain, irritate)
Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan
Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen
Scots: tarrow
English: tarry
Old Frisian: *tergia
West Frisian: tergje
Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian
Middle Low German: tergen, targen
→ Danish: tærge
→ Norwegian: terge
→ Swedish: targa
Old Dutch: *tergen
Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen
Dutch: tergen
Old High German: *zergen
Middle High German: zergen
German: zergen
Bonus:
Torht ( to shine, brightness)
Old English: torht
Middle English: torhte, tohte
Old Saxon: torht, toroht
Old High German: zorht, zoraht, zorft
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Uhta
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ūhta (pre dawn) (last part of night)
Old English: ūht (< *unhtwaz), ūhta (< *unhtwô)
Middle English: *uht (found in compound uhtsang, uhtsong); Middle English: uhhtenn, uȝten, ughten, oughten (< Old English ūhtan, oblique form)
Old Saxon: ūhta
Middle Low German: uchte
German Low German: Uchte, Ucht
→ German: Uchte (“midnight mass”) (regional)
Old Dutch: *ūhto
Middle Dutch: uchte, ochte (various forms are attested, including nuchte through rebracketing, uchten/ochten from the case forms, and rarely uchtent/ochtent from the previous by analogy with avont (“evening”))
Dutch: ochtend
Old High German: uohta (irregular); *ūhta
Middle High German: uohte, ūhte (both rare)
German: Ucht, Aucht (both only in placenames and compounds)
Old Norse: ótta
Icelandic: ótta
Norwegian Bokmål: otte
Westrobothnian: ótt’
Old Swedish: ōtta, ōta
Swedish: otte, otta
Danish: otte
Gothic: 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (ūhtwō)
Bonus:
Lagustrǣt (ocean) literally “Water-road”.
Old English: strǣt, strēt
Middle English: strete, streete, stret, strate, street, stræt
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd
→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: strēte
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: struat
Mooring: stroote
Saterland Frisian: Sträite
West Frisian: strjitte
Old Saxon: strāta
Middle Low German: strâte
German Low German: Straat, Stroot
Old Dutch: strāta
Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot
Old High German: strāza
Middle High German: strāze
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Schdrôs
Bavarian: Stråßn, Strossn
Apeltonerisch: Streoss
Mòcheno: stros
Upper Bavarian: Straß
Central Franconian: Stroß
Eifel: Strooß
Hunsrik: Stros
Luxembourgish: Strooss
German: Straße
Rhine Franconian: Schdrooß
And
West Germanic: *lagu
Old English: lagu, lago
Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye
English: lay
Old Saxon: lagu
Old Norse: lǫgr
Icelandic: lögur
Faroese: løgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: log
Norwegian Bokmål: låg
Old Swedish: lagher
Swedish: lag
Old Danish: low, lou
→ Scots: lyog
Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*lagus) (> 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 (laaz))
Hroð-
Book of the month (June)
Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson is quickly becoming a favorite author of mine. Great detail and everything kept in context. I do love comparatives though I am biased.
Hrøð-
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg: (List)
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
List (art, skill, craft) from Proto Germanic “listiz”. ᛚᛁᛋᛏ᛫
Compare:
Old English: list
Middle English: liste
Scots: list
English: list
Old Frisian: list, lest
Saterland Frisian: List
West Frisian: list
Old Saxon: list
Middle Low German: list
Low German: list
Old Dutch: list
Middle Dutch: list
Dutch: list
Old High German: list
Middle High German: list
German: List
Old Norse: list
Icelandic: list
Faroese: list
Old Swedish: list
Swedish: list
Danish: list
Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (lists)
Slavic: *lьstь
—————
Bonus:
þersċan (to thresh) from Proto Germanic “þreskaną” ᚦᚱᛖᛋᚳᚪᚾ᛫ related to the word Thrash.
Also: þresċold (threshold)
Compare:
Old English: þersċan, þresċan, þrexan
Middle English: threshen, thresshen, threschen, thrasshen
Scots: thresch, thrash
English: thresh, thrash
Old Frisian: *therska
North Frisian: seenk (Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: täärske
West Frisian: terskje
Old Saxon: *threskan, *therskan
Middle Low German: derschen, dorschen
Low German: döschen
Frankish: *threskan
Old Dutch: *threscan
Middle Dutch: derschen
Dutch: dorsen
Vulgar Latin: *trescāre
Old French: trescher, treschier
Italian: trescare
Old High German: dreskan
Middle High German: dreschen, dröschen, treschen, tröschen
German: dreschen
Luxembourgish: dreschen
Old Norse: þreskja
Icelandic: þreskja
Faroese: treskja
Norwegian: treske
Old Swedish: þriska, þryskja
Swedish: tröska
Danish: tærske, tæske
Westrobothnian: trysk, trusk, trösk, triisk
Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (þriskan)
Vulgar Latin: *triscāre
Galician: triscar
Portuguese: triscar
Spanish: triscar
———-
And:
Proto Germanic: þreskwaþluz
Old English: þersċweald, þyrsċweald, þrexwold, þersċold, þresċold
Middle English: threschwolde, þreschwald, þresshewold, þrexwolde, þresfold, throschfold, throsfold, þresshald, threswald
English: threshold
Middle Scots: threschald
Scots: thraswald, thrashold, thrashol, thrashal, thrashel, threshal, threshwart, threshwort
Old Saxon: *thriskūvli, *thriskilfi
Middle Low German: dreskelef
Low German: Drüssel
Old High German: driskufli, driscufli, driskubli
Middle High German: drischūvel, drischūfel, drischübel
German: Drischaufel, Drissufle, Trüschübel (dialectal)
Old Norse: þreskǫldr, þreskjǫldr, þrøskǫldr, þrepskǫldr
Icelandic: þröskuldur
Norwegian: terskel
Old Swedish: þriskuldi
Swedish: tröskel, träskvald (dialectal)
Danish: tærskel
———————————-
Hroðberht-
Rune of þe dæġ: (Mann)
Rune of þe dæġ:
Mann: ᛗ᛬ Modern ‘M”. Elder “Mannaz”.
(Man, Humanity, The Self)
Anglo Saxon Rune Poem:
ᛗ Man byþ on myrgþe his magan leof:
sceal þeah anra gehƿylc oðrum sƿican,
forðum drihten ƿyle dome sine
þæt earme flæsc eorþan betæcan.
The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen;
yet every man is doomed to fail his fellow,
since the Lord by his decree will commit the vile carrion to the earth.
Hroðberht-
6/26/20.
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg: (Talu)
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Talu( tale, reckoning, recounting, story, fable) from Proto Germanic “talō”.
Compare:
West Germanic: *talu
Old English: talu
Middle English: tale
Scots: tale
English: tale
Old Frisian: tale, tele
Saterland Frisian: Taal
West Frisian: taal
Old Saxon: tala
Middle Low German: tāle, tal
German Low German: Tahl, Tall
Old Dutch: *tala
Middle Dutch: tāle
Dutch: taal
Old High German: zala
Middle High German: zale
German: Zahl
Luxembourgish: Zuel
Vilamovian: caoł
Old Norse: tala
Icelandic: tala
Faroese: tala
Norwegian: tale
Old Swedish: tala
Swedish: tala
Danish: tale
———
Bonus:
Þrysce-þræsce (thrush, song bird) From Proto Germanic “þrastuz”. ᚦᚱᛄᛋᚳᛖ.
Also: þrostle.
Compare:
Old English: þrysċe, þræsċe
Middle English: thrusche, thryshe
English: thrush
Old English: *þrysċele
Middle English: thruschel, ⇒ Middle English: thruschylcok
Old English: þrostle, þrosle
Middle English: throstel, thrustel, þrestel, Middle English: þrestelcok, thrustelcok, throstylkock, throstylcoke, thyrstyllecok
English: throstle
Old High German: throsca, throskala, throskela, drosca
Middle High German: droschel, troschel, trostel
Danish: drossel
German: Drossel
Bavarian: Drostle
Alemannic German: Dröschel
Luxembourgish: Dréischel
Old Norse: þrǫstr
Icelandic: þröstur
Faroese: trøstur
Norwegian: trost, trast
Swedish: trast
Danish: trost
—————
Thrush (Wikipedia)
Hroðbeorht-
Anglo Saxon word of þē dæġ: (ġeþeode)
Anglo Saxon word of þē dæġ: (ġeþeode)
ġeþeode (Tribe,People, Nation) from a combination of the Anglo Saxon intensifier “ġe” and Proto Germanic “þeodo” and directly related to the word “Teuton” Teutonic”. Old Irish “Tuath” and Proto Celtic “Touta” share similar Indo European etymology. ᚷᛖᚦᛖᛟᛞᛖ.
Compare:
West Germanic: *þeudu
Old English: þēod, þīod, þīed, þīd
Middle English: theode, thede
English: thede, theod (archaic)
Scots: thede, theid
Old Frisian: thiād
Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit
Old Dutch: thiat
Middle Dutch: diet
Dutch: diet
Old High German: diota, diot
Middle High German: diet
German: Diet
Old Norse: þjóð, þióð
Icelandic: þjóð
Faroese: tjóð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjod
Swedish: tjod (obsolete)
Gutnish: tjaud
Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda)
——————————
Bonus:
Ealdriht (Tradition, Elder right) compound of Eald (old,ancient) and Riht (Right, ritual, tradition) ᛖᚨᛚᛞᚱᛁᚺᛏ᛬
Also: Ealdgesegen.
Compare:
West Germanic: *ald
Old English: eald, ald, eold, æld, eld
Middle English: ald, eald, eld, old
English: old
Scots: auld
Old Frisian: ald
North Frisian: ual, uul, ool
Saterland Frisian: oold
West Frisian: âld
Old Saxon: ald
Middle Low German: ôlt, old
German Low German: old, oold, ol, olt
German: oll
Plautdietsch: oolt
Old Dutch: alt
Middle Dutch: out
Dutch: oud
Limburgish: aad
Old High German: alt, ald
Middle High German: alt
Alemannic German: altu, oalt, oalt, olt, àltà (Italian Walser)
Bavarian:
Apeltonerisch: old
Cimbrian: alt
Northern Bavarian: [ɔːld̥]
Central Franconian: alt
Hunsrik: alt
Luxembourgish: al
German: alt
Rhine Franconian: alt, all
Pennsylvania German: alt
Vilamovian: aołd
Yiddish: אַלט (alt)
Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (alþeis)
Crimean Gothic: alt
and
Old English: riht
West Germanic: *reht
Old Norse: réttr
Icelandic: réttur
Faroese: rættur
Norwegian: rett
Old Swedish: rǣtter
Swedish: rätt, rät
Old Danish: rǣt
Danish: ret
Westrobothnian: rett
Elfdalian: rett
Gutnish: rettar
Scanian: rǽtter
Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (raihts)
————————-
By The Fjord by Hans Dahl (Norway) (Public Domain/Wikipedia)
Hroðbeorht-