Etsy back up.
https://www.etsy.com/shop/NorseWest
After forever the forge is back in action. Trying to find a trip to Denmark/Germany. no customs just what is on here is available for now. Not back to knives yet. Hammer arm is a bit rusty yet.
Skål.
Hröð-
Anglo Saxon grammar ideas
Anglo Saxon grammatical ideas and dative in semi poetic use:
The AS language retains the archaic Indo-European function of cases and gender as well as complicated poetic grammar that uses cases to imply words that are not actually written. In modern Germanic language only German and Icelandic retain cases and gender in any heavy use. Swedish and Danish have Common and Neuter in modern use. Danish and Old English share sometimes a visually close vocabulary but many are false friends and mean something different. AS uses cases not word order to indicate grammar and is more free in word order. This does not mean it is totally free or random in word order.
(The genders are meaningless in function in AS and only serve as a complicated archaic hold over from Proto Germanic and act as another layer of things to memorize. My interpretation from “Robert E Diamond” Old English grammar/ reader).
The following is my own writing of what I have learned.
The dative:
“Hail to the Sun”
The sun is receiving the call so it is singular dative.
I am the one hailing so I am in nominative.
Hælu Þære Sunnan (hail the sun) “to” is implied when using the dative and technically so is “the” so you could write it “Hælu Sunnan” and “ to the” ís implied and would be understood as such. The ending “an” on the Goddess name Sunne denotes a weak declension of the feminine noun. “Þære” ís the feminine dative form of “the” the nominative (f) form of the is “Seo”. Male Form(n) “Se” which is close to PG and PIE sources.
To add a personal emphasis I could add “Ic”
“Ic Hælu Þære Sunnan”
“I hail the sun”
As you can see Ic is cognate to German Ich.
When using articles (words like “the”) the article must match the gender of the word and the articles case must match the case being used. Dative with dative etc…
Example: masculine:
Se (nom) Hund (nom)
“The Dog” the dog is the subject so it is nominative as is “the”
Se Hundas (Nom/Plural)
“The dogs” plural
Þæs Hundes bān (Genitive)
“The dog’s bone”
(Accusative uses the same word endings as nominative) but uses several different articles depending on gender such as “þone”. The ACC case is used to denote the object being given such as above “bān”. In the modern sentence “I gave the dog a treat” the “treat” is accusative the dog is singular dative. The accusative is also used to indicate movement of something in a sentence such as running, riding, charging etc..
The dative case has the most uses and is the most complicated.
Dative:
“To the Hall” as in a toast
Sæle (neut) (tó the hall) poetic
“To the halls” “ (of our forebears) plural toast
Sælum (neut) dative plural “ to the” ís implied.
Sæl is the origin of the Word Saloon and Salon. Modern Danish “Sal” as in Mjødsal (Mead hall) Old English “Medusæl”
All cases and genders have a version of the word “the” and some are shared. Cases have some of the following endings: ( not complete or exhaustive)
E
A
es
as
U
an
Some case endings on certain words have no end vowel or sometimes use a double from another such as sometimes genitive ending E or Nominative ending in A.
This level of complexity leaves the student with need of complex tables showing all gender forms, articles by case and gender as well as all singular and plural forms of words. Wiktionary and and a good word hoard book goes a long way.
Notes:
Anglo Saxon is a Norð Sea Germamic or Ingveonic language that originated in Jutland and Southern Scandinavia. Old English, English, Old Saxon, Low German, Old Frisian and Frisian are all within the Ingveonic family. Some speculate the Teutons were also Ingveonic due to their southern Scandinavian origin. These languages sit somewhere between Scandinavian and West Germanic languages.
I use Peter S. Baker, Robert E Diamond and Stephen Pollington, K Herbert resources as well Thijs Porck videos and wiktionary declension tables.
Skål 🍻 some of this might not correct but it’s as far as I have gotten.
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: acweorna
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
ācweorna (squirrel)
The first denotes “oak” the second element “weorna “ denotes squirrel.
Proto-West Germanic: *aikwernō
Old English: ācweorna
Middle English: acquerne
Old Frisian: *ēkworna, *ēkhorna
Saterland Frisian: *Eeker (in Kateeker ?)
West Frisian: iikhoarn, iikhoarntsje
Old Saxon: *ēkhorno
Middle Low German: êkhōrn, êkhōrne, eikhōrne, êkhorn, êkōrn, eikōrn, êkōrne, echhorne
⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: Eekhoorntje
German Low German: Ekkern
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Aik, Aikern
Sauerländisch: Ēksken, Aikerte
⇒ German Low German: Eekhoorntje
Old Dutch: *ēcorno
Middle Dutch: êencōren
Dutch: eekhoorn
Old High German: eihhorno, eihhurno
Middle High German: eichurne
Alemannic German: Eichhore
German: Eichhorn
⇒ German: Eichhörnchen
⇒ Hunsrik: Eichhernche
Old Norse: íkorni
Icelandic: íkorni
Faroese: íkorni
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: ekorn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ekorn, ikorn
Old Swedish: ēkorne, īkorne
Swedish: ekorre, (dialectal) ikorn
Old Danish: īkærnæ
Danish: egern
Westrobothnian: ickȯrn, ikårn, ikkårn
Elfdalian: aikuonn
Jamtish: íkuðn
Gutnish: eikånn
Scanian: igarne
Bonus:
maniġfeald (manifold, many fold, of many parts)
Old English: maniġfeald, mæniġfeald
Middle English: manifald, monifald, manyfold, manifold
English: manifold, manyfold
Old Frisian: manichfald
Old Saxon: managfald
Old Dutch: *manigfald
Middle Dutch: menichvout
Dutch: menigvoud, menigvoudig
Old High German: manicfalt, manicfaltīg
Middle High German: manecvalt, manecvaltec
German: mannigfaltig
Old Norse: margfaldr
Icelandic: margfaldur
Norwegian: mangfoldig
Old Swedish: mangfalder
Swedish: mångfald, mångfaldig
Danish: mangefold
Gutnish: manggfaldur
Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (managfalþs)
Hröð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Preowthwil
Anglo Saxon word of the day:
prēowthwīl (to blink) (the time it takes to blink)
Bonus 1:
Hagosteald (an unmarried warrior of royal descent) (bachelor)( liegeman) (owner or one who lives on fenced land of their family) sometimes acts as a personal name. Alternate:Hægsteald.
Old English: hæġsteald, hagulstead, hagosteald
⇒ Old English: Hagustealdesēa
⇒ Old English: Hagustealdeshām
English: Hexham
Middle English: hassel, haselle
Old Saxon: hagalstad
Old High German: hagalstalt, hagastolt
Old Norse: haukstalda
Bonus 2:
wīġbǣre (warlike) (eager for battle)
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Tirgan.
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
Tirġan (ᛏᛁᚱᚷᚨᚾ) ( to provoke, pain, irritate)
Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan
Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen
Scots: tarrow
English: tarry
Old Frisian: *tergia
West Frisian: tergje
Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian
Middle Low German: tergen, targen
→ Danish: tærge
→ Norwegian: terge
→ Swedish: targa
Old Dutch: *tergen
Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen
Dutch: tergen
Old High German: *zergen
Middle High German: zergen
German: zergen
Bonus:
Torht ( to shine, brightness)
Old English: torht
Middle English: torhte, tohte
Old Saxon: torht, toroht
Old High German: zorht, zoraht, zorft
Hroð-
Anglo Saxon word of the day: Uhta
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ūhta (pre dawn) (last part of night)
Old English: ūht (< *unhtwaz), ūhta (< *unhtwô)
Middle English: *uht (found in compound uhtsang, uhtsong); Middle English: uhhtenn, uȝten, ughten, oughten (< Old English ūhtan, oblique form)
Old Saxon: ūhta
Middle Low German: uchte
German Low German: Uchte, Ucht
→ German: Uchte (“midnight mass”) (regional)
Old Dutch: *ūhto
Middle Dutch: uchte, ochte (various forms are attested, including nuchte through rebracketing, uchten/ochten from the case forms, and rarely uchtent/ochtent from the previous by analogy with avont (“evening”))
Dutch: ochtend
Old High German: uohta (irregular); *ūhta
Middle High German: uohte, ūhte (both rare)
German: Ucht, Aucht (both only in placenames and compounds)
Old Norse: ótta
Icelandic: ótta
Norwegian Bokmål: otte
Westrobothnian: ótt’
Old Swedish: ōtta, ōta
Swedish: otte, otta
Danish: otte
Gothic: 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (ūhtwō)
Bonus:
Lagustrǣt (ocean) literally “Water-road”.
Old English: strǣt, strēt
Middle English: strete, streete, stret, strate, street, stræt
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd
→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: strēte
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: struat
Mooring: stroote
Saterland Frisian: Sträite
West Frisian: strjitte
Old Saxon: strāta
Middle Low German: strâte
German Low German: Straat, Stroot
Old Dutch: strāta
Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot
Old High German: strāza
Middle High German: strāze
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Schdrôs
Bavarian: Stråßn, Strossn
Apeltonerisch: Streoss
Mòcheno: stros
Upper Bavarian: Straß
Central Franconian: Stroß
Eifel: Strooß
Hunsrik: Stros
Luxembourgish: Strooss
German: Straße
Rhine Franconian: Schdrooß
And
West Germanic: *lagu
Old English: lagu, lago
Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye
English: lay
Old Saxon: lagu
Old Norse: lǫgr
Icelandic: lögur
Faroese: løgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: log
Norwegian Bokmål: låg
Old Swedish: lagher
Swedish: lag
Old Danish: low, lou
→ Scots: lyog
Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*lagus) (> 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 (laaz))
Hroð-
Anglo-Saxon wird of þe dæg: (Nihtgenġa)
Anglo-Saxon wird of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Nihtgenġa (night walker, Goblin, Nocturnal entity) ᚾᛁᚻᛏᚷᛖᚾᚷᚪ᛫ Compound of “Niht” and “Genga” night-walker.
Also: Pūca (goblin) from Proto Germanic “pūkô”. ᛈᚢᚳᚪ᛫
Compare:
Old English: pūca, pūcel
Middle English: puke; *pukel
English: puck, puckle
Jersey Norman: pouque, pouquelée
Irish: púca
English: pooka
Welsh: pwca
Cornish: Bucca
Old Frisian: *pūka
Saterland Frisian: Puk
Old Norse: púki
Icelandic: púki
Faroese: púki
Norwegian: pokker
Old Swedish: pūke
Swedish: puke
Danish: pokker
—————
Bonus:
Ælf (Elf) from Proto Germanic “Albiz”. Originally a term describing any of a number supernatural entities. In modern use it describes either small humanoid creatures or tall beings from Norse Mythology. Elves are a prominent group in The Lord of the Rings books along with Dwarves were borrowed directly from Norse Mythology ᚫᛚᚠ᛫
Also: ælf-sċīene (beautiful) (to shine like an elf)
Example:
Wið ælfe gnid myrran on win. ― [To protect] against an elf, rub myrrh in wine.
Compare:
West Germanic: *albi
Old English: ælf
Middle English: elf, elfe, helfe
English: elf
Dutch: elf
German: Elf, Elfe
Japanese: エルフ
Korean: 엘프 (elpeu)
Scots: elf
Old Frisian: *alf, *elf
West Frisian: alve
Old Saxon: alf
Middle Low German: alf
Old Dutch: *alf
Middle Dutch: alf
Dutch: alf
Old High German: alb, alp
German: Alb, Alp
Old Norse: alfr
Icelandic: álfur
Faroese: álvur
Norwegian: alv, elv
Old Swedish: ælf, ælva
Swedish: älva; alf, alv
Danish: alf, elv
English: auf, oaf
Ängsälvor (Swedish “Meadow Elves”) by Nils Blommér (1850) (Public Domain/Wikipedia)
Hroðbeorht-
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:(Heorot)
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Heorot (deer, stag) compare to earlier word post for “Deor” (beast, animal, deer). From Proto Germanic “herutaz”. ᚻᛖᚩᚱᚩᛏ᛫
Also: Heorot is the name of Hroþgar’s mead hall in Beowulf.
Compare:
West Germanic: *herut
Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
Middle English: hert, heort, heert, harte, hartt
English: hart
Scots: hert
Old Frisian: hert
Saterland Frisian: Hart
West Frisian: hart
Old Saxon: hirut, hirot
Middle Low German: herte, harte
German Low German: Hartbuck
Old Dutch: hirut
Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj
Old High German: hiruz, hirz
Middle High German: hirz
Cimbrian: hirsch
German: Hirsch, Hirss
Luxembourgish: Hirsch
North Frisian: hirsk
Plautdietsch: Hersch
Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
Old Norse: hjǫrtr
Icelandic: hjörtur
Faroese: hjørtur
Norwegian: hjort
Old Swedish: hiorter
Swedish: hjort
Danish: hjort
Gutnish: hjort
…………….
Bonus:
Boga (bow (weapon) from Proto Germanic “bugô”. ᛒᚩᚷᚩ᛫
Example:
hīe lēton gāras flēogan, bogan wǣron bisiġe
― they let arrows fly, bows were busy. (Battle of Maldon)
Compare:
West Germanic: *bogō
Old English: boga
Middle English: bowe
Scots: bow
English: bow
Old Frisian: boga
Saterland Frisian: Booge
West Frisian: boge
Old Saxon: bogo
Middle Low German: bōge
German Low German: Boog
Old Dutch: bogo
Middle Dutch: bōge
Dutch: boog
Old High German: bogo
Middle High German: boge
German: Bogen
Luxembourgish: Bou
Old Norse: bogi
Icelandic: bogi
Faroese: bogi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bue, boge
Norwegian Nynorsk: boge
Old Swedish: bughi, boghi
Swedish: båge, (dialectal) bôg
Old Danish: boghæ
Danish: bue
Westrobothnian: buga
Elfdalian: bugi
Jamtish: bugu
Gutnish: buge
Scanian: buğe
Old Irish: boga
Irish: bogha
Crimean Gothic: boga
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg:(Brim)
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg:(Brim)
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Brim (Ocean, Surf, Sea shore) (poetic) from Proto Germanic “Brimą”. ᛒᚱᛁᛗ᛫
Also: Brimlīþend (seafarer).
Compare:
Old English: brim
Middle English: brim
English: brim
Old Norse: brim
Icelandic: brim
Faroese: brim
…………..
Bonus:
Sēċan (seek, to seek) from Proto Germanic “sōkijaną” . ᛋᛖᚳᚪᚾ᛫
Example:
Hwæt sēcst þū?
What are you looking for?
Hē sōhte rǣd æt his fæder.
He sought advice from his father.
Se hwelp sēcþ þā wiermðe his mēder.
The cub seeks the warmth of its mother.
Compare:
West Germanic: *sōkijan
Old English: sēċan, sœ̄ċan, sēċean
Middle English: seken, sech, seche, secche, sheche, shechen, seichen, siech, sieche, siechen, siche, such, suche, sek, seke, ceken, seik, seike, sieke, sike
English: seek, seech (Lancashire and other dialects)
Scots: seek
Old Frisian: sēka
Saterland Frisian: säike
West Frisian: sykje
Old Saxon: sōkian
Middle Low German: sö̂ken
Low German: sooken, söken, seuken, säuken
Old Dutch: suoken
Middle Dutch: soeken
Dutch: zoeken
Limburgish: zeuke
Old High German: suohhen
Middle High German: suochen
Alemannic German: sueche, süeche
Alsatian: süacha
Bavarian: suacha
Cimbrian: züuchan
Luxembourgish: sichen
German: suchen
Rhine Franconian: suche
Frankfurterisch: [suɣ̥ə]
Old Norse: sœkja
Icelandic: sækja
Faroese: søkja
Norwegian:
Bokmål: søke
Nynorsk: søke, søka, søkje, søkja
Old Swedish: sø̄kia
Swedish: söka
Old Danish: søkia, søkæ
Danish: søge
Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sōkjan)
………..
Hroðbeorht-
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg: (Hwisprian)
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Hwisprian ( whisper) from Proto Germanic “hwisprōną”. ᚻᚹᛁᛋᛈᚱᛁᚪᚾ᛫
Compare:
Old English: hwisprian
Middle English: whisperen
English: whisper
Old Saxon: *hwisparon
Middle Low German: *wispern
German: wispern
……
Bonus:
Faran (go, to go, travel, journey, fare, to fare) also found in the “fare” in farewell. Far tō helle (go to hell) Far wel (farewell). ᚠᚪᚱᚪᚾ᛫
Compare:
West Germanic: *faran
Old English: faran, fearan, fara, færan, færa,
feran
Middle English: faren
English: fare
Scots: fare, fair
Old Frisian: fara
Saterland Frisian: foare
West Frisian: farre
Old Saxon: faran
Middle Low German: vāren
German Low German: fahren
Old Dutch: faran
Middle Dutch: vāren
Dutch: varen
Limburgish: vare
Old High German: faran
Middle High German: varen, varn
Alemannic German: faare, fare
German: fahren
Luxembourgish: fueren
Old Norse: fara
Icelandic: fara
Faroese: fara
Norwegian: fare, fara
Old Swedish: fara
Swedish: fara
Danish: fare
Westrobothnian: fera, fära, fɑra, fara, fåra
Elfdalian: fårå
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran)
………….
Hroðberht-
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: Brōc
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: Brōc
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Brōc (brook, stream) from Proto Germanic “brōkaz”. ᛒᚱᚩᚳ᛫
Compare:
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brook
English: brook
Scots: broke, bruke
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Brouk
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: *brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German:
German Low German: Brook
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Brüöke
Suerländer-Märkisch: Brüək
Westmünsterländisch: Bröcke
Plautdietsch: Broak
Old Dutch: bruoc, brōk (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek
Dutch: broek
Old High German: bruoh
Middle High German: bruoch
German: Bruch
…………..
Bonus:
Rǣde (ready, prompt, prepared) from Proto Germanic “raidaz” ᚱᚫᛞᛖ᛫
Compare:
Old English: rǣde, ġerǣde
Middle English: rædi, rædiȝ, redi, redy, iredi
English: ready
Scots: readie, reddy
Old Frisian: rēd; rēde
North Frisian: ree
Saterland Frisian: reed
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: *girēdi
Middle Low German: gerêde, gerêt
Low German: rede, reed
Danish: rede
Old Swedish: rēþo
Swedish: redo
Old Dutch: *reid, *gereid
Middle Dutch: rede, reede, gerede, gereide, gereit, gereet
Dutch: reed, gereed
Old High German: reiti, gireit
Middle High German: gereite, gereit
Old High German: bireiti (< *biraidijaz)
Middle High German: bereite, bereit
German: bereit
Swedish: beredd
Old Norse: reiðr, greiðr; greiðliga
Icelandic: greiður
Faroese: reiður
Norwegian: reiug, grei, rede
Swedish: reda
Danish: rede
Middle English: greithe, greith, graith; greithli
Scots: graith; graithlie
English: graith; gradely
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs)
…………..
Hroðberht-
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: (Brōc)
Anglo-Saxon wird of the þe dæg: (Brōc)
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Brōc (brook, stream) from Proto Germanic “brōkaz”. ᛒᚱᚩᚳ᛫
Compare:
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brook
English: brook
Scots: broke, bruke
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Brouk
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: *brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German:
German Low German: Brook
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Brüöke
Suerländer-Märkisch: Brüək
Westmünsterländisch: Bröcke
Plautdietsch: Broak
Old Dutch: bruoc, brōk (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek
Dutch: broek
Old High German: bruoh
Middle High German: bruoch
German: Bruch
…………..
Bonus:
Rǣde (ready, prompt, prepared) from Proto Germanic “raidaz” ᚱᚫᛞᛖ᛫
Compare:
Old English: rǣde, ġerǣde
Middle English: rædi, rædiȝ, redi, redy, iredi
English: ready
Scots: readie, reddy
Old Frisian: rēd; rēde
North Frisian: ree
Saterland Frisian: reed
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: *girēdi
Middle Low German: gerêde, gerêt
Low German: rede, reed
Danish: rede
Old Swedish: rēþo
Swedish: redo
Old Dutch: *reid, *gereid
Middle Dutch: rede, reede, gerede, gereide, gereit, gereet
Dutch: reed, gereed
Old High German: reiti, gireit
Middle High German: gereite, gereit
Old High German: bireiti (< *biraidijaz)
Middle High German: bereite, bereit
German: bereit
Swedish: beredd
Old Norse: reiðr, greiðr; greiðliga
Icelandic: greiður
Faroese: reiður
Norwegian: reiug, grei, rede
Swedish: reda
Danish: rede
Middle English: greithe, greith, graith; greithli
Scots: graith; graithlie
English: graith; gradely
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs)
…………..
Hroðberht-
Rune of þē dæġ: (Sigel)
Rune of þē dæġ: (Sigel)
The sun is ever a joy in the hopes of seafarers
when they journey away over the fishes’ bath,
until the courser of the deep bears them to land.
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg: (Aern)
Anglo Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Aern (Eagle) from Proto Germanic “arô”. ᛖᚪᚱᚾ᛫
Compare:
Old English: earn
Middle English: earn, ærn, erne, ern
Scots: erne, ern, airne
English: erne
Old Frisian: *ern
North Frisian: earn, iarn
West Frisian: earn
Old Saxon: *arn
Middle Low German: arn, arne
German Low German: Aar, Aadler, Oodler
Old Dutch: *arn
Middle Dutch: āer, āren
Dutch: aar, arend
Old High German: aro, arn
Middle High German: are, adelar, adelare
German: Aar, Adler, Adelaar
Saterland Frisian: Oadeler
Plautdietsch: Odla (Oodler)
Dutch: adelaar
Old Norse: ari, ǫrn
Icelandic: ari, örn
Faroese: ørn
Norwegian Bokmål: ørn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ørn
Old Swedish: ørn
Swedish: örn
Westrobothnian: -ør, -øɳ, -örnn
Old Danish: ørn
Danish: ørn
Westrobothnian: ar (< *arn)
Elfdalian: örn
Gutnish: ann, örn
Scanian: ǫrn
Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ara)
…………
Bonus:
ūle (Owl) from Proto Germanic “uwwalǭ”. ᚢᛚᛖ᛫
Compare:
Old English: ūle
Middle English: oule, owle, ule, howle, owlle
English: owl
Scots: oul, ool
Old Frisian: *ūle
Saterland Frisian: Uule
West Frisian: ûle
Old Saxon: ūwila, ūla
Middle Low German: ûle
German Low German: Uul
Old Dutch: ūla
Middle Dutch: ūle
Dutch: uil
Old High German: ūwila
Middle High German: iuwele, iuwel, iule
Cimbrian: aul
German: Eule
Hunsrik: Eil
Luxembourgish: Eil
Vilamovian: aojł
Old Norse: ugla
Icelandic: ugla
Faroese: ugla, ugli, úla
Norwegian: ugle, ule
Old Swedish: uggla
Swedish: uggla
Danish: ugle
Westrobothnian: øgęl, ögäl
Scots: yuggle (from Old Norse)
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Hroðberht-
Rune of þē dæġ (Eolh)
Rune of þē dæġ: (Eolh-Algiz-Elhaz)
Eolh: ᛉ. Modern X.
(Elk, Secg-Sedge, Fortunate, Optimism, Soul, Antenna, Aspiration)
A Rune of intense power for protection and connection. Often the antenna to the nine worlds, this Rune can have results in the opening of spiritual horizons and connections to powers from beyond. A warning is needed as this Rune may work so well it can overwhelm. The Rune poem associates it with the Secg-Sedge plant. A sharp unpleasant plant but is often a symbol of protection. The name of the Rune references the Elk and could be a symbol of Antlers but the poem calls it Elk-Secg referencing the grass as well. Some are skeptical of the Elk connection however the Elder Futhark name maintains the Elk etymology.
Forms: Elhaz, Algiz, Eolh, Eolhx, Eolh-Secg.
Anglo Saxon Rune Poem:
ᛉ secg eard hæfþ oftust on fenne
ƿexeð on ƿature, ƿundaþ grimme
blode breneð beorna gehƿylcne
ðe him ænigne onfeng gedeþ.
The Elk-sedge usually lives in the fen,
growing in the water. It wounds severely,
staining with blood any man
who makes a grab at it.
Hroðberht-
Anglo Saxon ƿord of þē dæġ: (Bera)
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚩᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Bera (Bear) From Proto Germanic “berô”. ᛒᛖᚱᚪ᛫
The exact cognate to Norse Björn is “Beorn” but this almost always means warrior not bear. Theories exist suggesting it is related or an old metaphorical word for warrior. Example “Beowulf”.
Compare:
West Germanic: *berō
Old English: bera
Middle English: bere
English: bear
Irish: béar
Scots: beir
Old Frisian: *bera, *bara
Saterland Frisian: Boar
West Frisian: bear
Old Saxon: bero
Middle Low German: bar, bāre
German Low German: Baar, Boor
Plautdietsch: Boa
Old Dutch: *bero
Middle Dutch: bēre
Dutch: beer
Limburgish: baer
West Flemish: beir
Old High German: bero
Middle High German: bër
Alemannic German: Bärr
Cimbrian: per
German: Bär
Hunsrik: Bäer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Vilamovian: baor
Old Norse: bersi, bera, birna; bjǫrn (from oblique stem forms in *bernu-)
Icelandic: bessi, björn
Faroese: bjørn
Norwegian: bjørn, bjønn
Old Swedish: biørn, biorn
Swedish: bjässe, björn
Old Danish: biørn, biorn
Danish: bjørn
Old Gutnish: biorn
Gutnish: bjånn
Westrobothnian: bjern, binn
Elfdalian: byönn
Jamtish: bjenn
Bonus:
Wylfen (wolf like, wolfish,wolven) from Proto Germanic “wulfīn”. ᚹᚣᚠᛖᚾ.
Compare:
Old English: wylfen
(English: wolven)
Old High German: *wolfin
Middle High German: wolfin
……………….
Hroðberht-
Rune of þē dæġ (Peorð)
Rune of þē dæġ: (Peorð)
Peorð: ᛈ᛬ Modern “P”.
(Mystery, Secret, Sexuality, Initiation, Chance, Luck)
The etymology of Peorð is unknown and many theories have been put forward but to this point it is still in question.
ᛈ peorð byþ symble plega and hlehter / ƿlancum [on middum], ðar ƿigan sittaþ / on beorsele bliþe ætsomne
“Peorð is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the beerhall.”
Anglo Saxon ƿord of þē dæġ: (Hæden)
Anglo-Saxon word of þe dæg:
ᚪᚾᚷᛚᚩ ᛋᚪᛉᚩᚾ ᚹᚩᚱᛞ ᚠᚦᛖ ᛞᚫᚷ᛫
Hæden ( take care, to heed,observe, careful attention) from Proto Germanic “hōdijaną”. ᚻᚫᛞᛖᚾ.
Compare:
Old English: hœ̄dan, hēdan
Middle English: heden
Scots: hede
English: heed
Old Frisian: hōda, hūda, *hōdja
West Frisian: hoedje
Old Saxon: hōdian, huodian
Middle Low German: hōden, hūden
German Low German: höden
Old Dutch: huoden
Middle Dutch: hoeden
Old High German: huoten
Middle High German: hüeten
German: hüten
Luxembourgish: hidden
………
Eolhsand (Amber) literally “Elk-Sand”.
I would imagine it refers to the Baltic coast of Scandinavia or the seashore of a region inhabited by Elk?. ᛖᚩᛚᚻᛋᚪᚾᛞ᛫
Old English: sand
Middle English: sand, sande, sond, sonde, saunde
Scots: sand
English: sand
Yola: zoane
Old Frisian: sand
North Frisian:
Föhr: sun
Hallig: söön
Heligoland: Sun
Mooring: sönj
Saterland Frisian: Sound
West Frisian: sân
Old Saxon: sand
Middle Low German: sant
Low German: Sand
Plautdietsch: Saunt
Old Dutch: *sant
Middle Dutch: sant
Dutch: zand
Old High German: sant, *samt
Middle High German: sant; sampt, sambt
German: Sand
Luxembourgish: Sand
Vilamovian: zaond
Old Norse: sandr
Icelandic: sandur
English: sandur
German: Sander
Faroese: sandur
Norn: sand
Norwegian: sand
Old Swedish: sander
Swedish: sand
Old Danish: sand
Danish: sand
Westrobothnian: sand
Elfdalian: sand
Gutnish: sand
Scanian: sánð
Please see previous word post for etymology of Eolh.
……………………………
Hroðberht-
Rune of þē dæġ (Hægl)
Rune of þē dæġ:(Hægl)
Hægl ᚺ: Modern “H”.
Literally the natural precipitation Hail.
A Rune who’s reputation is notoriously negative however this post is not about divination and Hægl is being presented simply as the Runic “H” sound and “K” (middle/end of words) sound in Anglo Saxon.
Anglo Saxon Rune Poem:
Hægl byþ hƿitust corna;
hƿyrft hit of heofones lyfte,
ƿealcaþ hit ƿindes scura;
ƿeorþeþ hit to ƿætere syððan
Hail is the whitest of grain;
it is whirled from the vault of heaven
and is tossed about by gusts of wind
and then it melts into water.